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中華人民共和國主席令（七屆第16號）

　　《中華人民共和國行政訴訟法》已由中華人民共和國第七屆全國人民代表大會第二次會議于1989年4月4日通過，現予公布，自1990年10月1日起施行。


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　中華人民共和國主席 楊尚昆

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1989年4月4日



中華人民共和國行政訴訟法(附英文)

1989年4月4第七屆全國人民代表大會第二次會議通過


《中華人民共和國行政訴訟法》已由中華人民共和國第七屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二次會議于1989年4月4日通過，現予公布，自1990年10月1日起施行。
中華人民共和國主席 楊尚昆
1989年4月4日

目 錄
第一章 總 則
第二章 受案范圍
第三章 管 轄
第四章 訴訟參加人
第五章 證 據
第六章 起訴和受理
第七章 審理和判決
第八章 執 行
第九章 侵權賠償責任
第十章 涉外行政訴訟
第十一章 附 則

第一章 總 則
第一條 為保證人民法院正確、及時審理行政案件，保護公民、法人和其他組織的合法權益，維護和監督行政機關依法行使行政職權，根據憲法制定本法。
第二條 公民、法人或者其他組織認為行政機關和行政機關工作人員的具體行政行為侵犯其合法權益，有權依照本法向人民法院提起訴訟。
第三條 人民法院依法對行政案件獨立行使審判權，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的干涉。
人民法院設行政審判庭，審理行政案件。
第四條 人民法院審理行政案件，以事實為根據，以法律為準繩。
第五條 人民法院審理行政案件，對具體行政行為是否合法進行審查。
第六條 人民法院審理行政案件，依法實行合議、回避、公開審判和兩審終審制度。
第七條 當事人在行政訴訟中的法律地位平等。
第八條 各民族公民都有用本民族語言、文字進行行政訴訟的權利。
在少數民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地區，人民法院應當用當地民族通用的語言、文字進行審理和發布法律文書。
人民法院應當對不通曉當地民族通用的語言、文字的訴訟參與人提供翻譯。
第九條 當事人在行政訴訟中有權進行辯論。
第十條 人民檢察院有權對行政訴訟實行法律監督。

第二章 受案范圍
第十一條 人民法院受理公民、法人和其他組織對下列具體行政行為不服提起的訴訟：
（一）對拘留、罰款、吊銷許可證和執照、責令停產停業、沒收財物等行政處罰不服的；
（二）對限制人身自由或者對財產的查封、扣押、凍結等行政強制措施不服的；
（三）認為行政機關侵犯法律規定的經營自主權的；
（四）認為符合法定條件申請行政機關頒發許可證和執照，行政機關拒絕頒發或者不予答復的；
（五）申請行政機關履行保護人身權、財產權的法定職責，行政機關拒絕履行或者不予答復的；
（六）認為行政機關沒有依法發給撫恤金的；
（七）認為行政機關違法要求履行義務的；
（八）認為行政機關侵犯其他人身權、財產權的。
除前款規定外，人民法院受理法律、法規規定可以提起訴訟的其他行政案件。
第十二條 人民法院不受理公民、法人或者其他組織對下列事項提起的訴訟：
（一）國防、外交等國家行為；
（二）行政法規、規章或者行政機關制定、發布的具有普遍約束力的決定、命令；
（三）行政機關對行政機關工作人員的獎懲、任免等決定；
（四）法律規定由行政機關最終裁決的具體行政行為。

第三章 管 轄
第十三條 基層人民法院管轄第一審行政案件。
第十四條 中級人民法院管轄下列第一審行政案件：
（一）確認發明專利權的案件、海關處理的案件；
（二）對國務院各部門或者省、自治區、直轄市人民政府所作的具體行政行為提起訴訟的案件；
（三）本轄區內重大、復雜的案件。
第十五條 高級人民法院管轄本轄區內重大、復雜的第一審行政案件。
第十六條 最高人民法院管轄全國范圍內重大、復雜的第一審行政案件。
第十七條 行政案件由最初作出具體行政行為的行政機關所在地人民法院管轄。經復議的案件，復議機關改變原具體行政行為的，也可以由復議機關所在地人民法院管轄。
第十八條 對限制人身自由的行政強制措施不服提起的訴訟，由被告所在地或者原告所在地人民法院管轄。
第十九條 因不動產提起的行政訴訟，由不動產所在地人民法院管轄。
第二十條 兩個以上人民法院都有管轄權的案件，原告可以選擇其中一個人民法院提起訴訟。原告向兩個以上有管轄權的人民法院提起訴訟的，由最先收到起訴狀的人民法院管轄。
第二十一條 人民法院發現受理的案件不屬于自己管轄時，應當移送有管轄權的人民法院。受移送的人民法院不得自行移送。
第二十二條 有管轄權的人民法院由于特殊原因不能行使管轄權的，由上級人民法院指定管轄。
人民法院對管轄權發生爭議，由爭議雙方協商解決。協商不成的，報它們的共同上級人民法院指定管轄。
第二十三條 上級人民法院有權審判下級人民法院管轄的第一審行政案件，也可以把自己管轄的第一審行政案件移交下級人民法院審判。
下級人民法院對其管轄的第一審行政案件，認為需要由上級人民法院審判的，可以報請上級人民法院決定。

第四章 訴訟參加人
第二十四條 依照本法提起訴訟的公民、法人或者其他組織是原告。
有權提起訴訟的公民死亡，其近親屬可以提起訴訟。
有權提起訴訟的法人或者其他組織終止，承受其權利的法人或者其他組織可以提起訴訟。
第二十五條 公民、法人或者其他組織直接向人民法院提起訴訟的，作出具體行政行為的行政機關是被告。
經復議的案件，復議機關決定維持原具體行政行為的，作出原具體行政行為的行政機關是被告；復議機關改變原具體行政行為的，復議機關是被告。
兩個以上行政機關作出同一具體行政行為的，共同作出具體行政行為的行政機關是共同被告。
由法律、法規授權的組織所作的具體行政行為，該組織是被告。由行政機關委托的組織所作的具體行政行為，委托的行政機關是被告。
行政機關被撤銷的，繼續行使其職權的行政機關是被告。
第二十六條 當事人一方或雙方為二人以上，因同一具體行政行為發生的行政案件，或者因同樣的具體行政行為發生的行政案件、人民法院認為可以合并審理的，為共同訴訟。
第二十七條 同提起訴訟的具體行政行為有利害關系的其他公民、法人或者其他組織，可以作為第三人申請參加訴訟，或者由人民法院通知參加訴訟。
第二十八條 沒有訴訟行為能力的公民，由其法定代理人代為訴訟。法定代理人互相推諉代理責任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代為訴訟。
第二十九條 當事人、法定代理人，可以委托一至二人代為訴訟。
律師、社會團體、提起訴訟的公民的近親屬或者所在單位推薦的人，以及經人民法院許可的其他公民，可以受委托為訴訟代理人。
第三十條 代理訴訟的律師，可以依照規定查閱本案有關材料，可以向有關組織和公民調查，收集證據。對涉及國家秘密和個人隱私的材料，應當依照法律規定保密。
經人民法院許可，當事人和其他訴訟代理人可以查閱本案庭審材料，但涉及國家秘密和個人隱私的除外。

第五章 證 據
第三十一條 證據有以下幾種：
（一）書證；
（二）物證；
（三）視聽資料；
（四）證人證言；
（五）當事人的陳述；
（六）鑒定結論；
（七）勘驗筆錄、現場筆錄。
以上證據經法庭審查屬實，才能作為定案的根據。
第三十二條 被告對作出的具體行政行為負有舉證責任，應當提供作出該具體行政行為的證據和所依據的規范性文件。
第三十三條 在訴訟過程中，被告不得自行向原告和證人收集證據。
第三十四條 人民法院有權要求當事人提供或者補充證據。
人民法院有權向有關行政機關以及其他組織、公民調取證據。
第三十五條 在訴訟過程中，人民法院認為對專門性問題需要鑒定的，應當交由法定鑒定部門鑒定；沒有法定鑒定部門的，由人民法院指定的鑒定部門鑒定。
第三十六條 在證據可能滅失或者以后難以取得的情況下，訴訟參加人可以向人民法院申請保全證據，人民法院也可以主動采取保全措施。

第六章 起訴和受理
第三十七條 對屬于人民法院受案范圍的行政案件，公民、法人或者其他組織可以先向上一級行政機關或者法律、法規規定的行政機關申請復議，對復議不服的，再向人民法院提起訴訟；也可以直接向人民法院提起訴訟。
法律、法規規定應當先向行政機關申請復議，對復議不服再向人民法院提起訴訟的，依照法律、法規的規定。
第三十八條 公民、法人或者其他組織向行政機關申請復議的，復議機關應當在收到申請書之日起兩個月內作出決定。法律、法規另有規定的除外。
申請人不服復議決定的，可以在收到復議決定書之日起十五日內向人民法院提起訴訟。復議機關逾期不作決定的，申請人可以在復議期滿之日起十五日內向人民法院提起訴訟。法律另有規定的除外。
第三十九條 公民、法人或者其他組織直接向人民法院提起訴訟的，應當在知道作出具體行政行為之日起三個月內提出。法律另有規定的除外。
第四十條 公民、法人或者其他組織因不可抗力或者其他特殊情況耽誤法定期限的，在障礙消除后的十日內，可以申請延長期限，由人民法院決定。
第四十一條 提起訴訟應當符合下列條件：
（一）原告是認為具體行政行為侵犯其合法權益的公民、法人或者其他組織；
（二）有明確的被告；
（三）有具體的訴訟請求和事實根據；
（四）屬于人民法院受案范圍和受訴人民法院管轄。
第四十二條 人民法院接到起訴狀，經審查，應當在七日內立案或者作出裁定不予受理。原告對裁定不服的，可以提起上訴。

第七章 審理和判決
第四十三條 人民法院應當在立案之日起五日內，將起訴狀副本發送被告。被告應當在收到起訴狀副本之日起十日內向人民法院提交作出具體行政行為的有關材料，并提出答辯狀。人民法院應當在收到答辯狀之日起五日內，將答辯狀副本發送原告。
被告不提出答辯狀的，不影響人民法院審理。
第四十四條 訴訟期間，不停止具體行政行為的執行。但有下列情形之一的，停止具體行政行為的執行：
（一）被告認為需要停止執行的；
（二）原告申請停止執行，人民法院認為該具體行政行為的執行會造成難以彌補的損失，并且停止執行不損害社會公共利益，裁定停止執行的；
（三）法律、法規規定停止執行的。
第四十五條 人民法院公開審理行政案件，但涉及國家秘密、個人隱私和法律另有規定的除外。
第四十六條 人民法院審理行政案件，由審判員組成合議庭，或者由審判員、陪審員組成合議庭。合議庭的成員，應當是三人以上的單數。
第四十七條 當事人認為審判人員與本案有利害關系或者有其他關系可能影響公正審判，有權申請審判人員回避。
審判人員認為自己與本案有利害關系或者有其他關系，應當申請回避。
前兩款規定，適用于書記員、翻譯人員、鑒定人、勘驗人。
院長擔任審判長時的回避，由審判委員會決定；審判人員的回避，由院長決定；其他人員的回避，由審判長決定。當事人對決定不服的，可以申請復議。
第四十八條 經人民法院兩次合法傳喚，原告無正當理由拒不到庭的，視為申請撤訴；被告無正當理由拒不到庭的，可以缺席判決。
第四十九條 訴訟參與人或者其他人有下列行為之一的，人民法院可以根據情節輕重，予以訓誡、責令具結悔過或者處一千元以下的罰款、十五日以下的拘留；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任：
（一）有義務協助執行的人，對人民法院的協助執行通知書，無故推拖、拒絕或者妨礙執行的；
（二）偽造、隱藏、毀滅證據的；
（三）指使、賄買、脅迫他人作偽證或者威脅、阻止證人作證的；
（四）隱藏、轉移、變賣、毀損已被查封、扣押、凍結的財產的；
（五）以暴力、威脅或者其他方法阻礙人民法院工作人員執行職務或者擾亂人民法院工作秩序的；
（六）對人民法院工作人員、訴訟參與人、協助執行人侮辱、誹謗、誣陷、毆打或者打擊報復的。
罰款、拘留須經人民法院院長批準。當事人對決定不服的，可以申請復議。
第五十條 人民法院審理行政案件，不適用調解。
第五十一條 人民法院對行政案件宣告判決或者裁定前，原告申請撤訴的，或者被告改變其所作的具體行政行為，原告同意并申請撤訴的，是否準許，由人民法院裁定。
第五十二條 人民法院審理行政案件，以法律和行政法規、地方性法規為依據。地方性法規適用于本行政區域內發生的行政案件。
人民法院審理民族自治地方的行政案件，并以該民族自治地方的自治條例和單行條例為依據。
第五十三條 人民法院審理行政案件，參照國務院部、委根據法律和國務院的行政法規、決定、命令制定、發布的規章以及省、自治區、直轄市和省、自治區的人民政府所在地的市和經國務院批準的較大的市的人民政府根據法律和國務院的行政法規制定、發布的規章。
人民法院認為地方人民政府制定、發布的規章與國務院部、委制定、發布的規章不一致的，以及國務院部、委制定、發布的規章之間不一致的，由最高人民法院送請國務院作出解釋或者裁決。
第五十四條 人民法院經過審理，根據不同情況，分別作出以下判決：
（一）具體行政行為證據確鑿，適用法律、法規正確，符合法定程序的，判決維持。
（二）具體行政行為有下列情形之一的，判決撤銷或者部分撤銷，并可以判決被告重新作出具體行政行為：
⒈主要證據不足的；
⒉適用法律、法規錯誤的；
⒊違反法定程序的；
⒋超越職權的；
⒌濫用職權的。
（三）被告不履行或者拖延履行法定職責的，判決其在一定期限內履行。
（四）行政處罰顯失公正的，可以判決變更。
第五十五條 人民法院判決被告重新作出具體行政行為的，被告不得以同一的事實和理由作出與原具體行政行為基本相同的具體行政行為。
第五十六條 人民法院在審理行政案件中，認為行政機關的主管人員、直接責任人員違反政紀的，應當將有關材料移送該行政機關或者其上一級行政機關或者監察、人事機關；認為有犯罪行為的，應當將有關材料移送公安、檢察機關。
第五十七條 人民法院應當在立案之日起三個月內作出第一審判決。有特殊情況需要延長的，由高級人民法院批準，高級人民法院審理第一審案件需要延長的，由最高人民法院批準。
第五十八條 當事人不服人民法院第一審判決的，有權在判決書送達之日起十五日內向上一級人民法院提起上訴。當事人不服人民法院第一審裁定的，有權在裁定書送達之日起十日內向上一級人民法院提起上訴。逾期不提起上訴的，人民法院的第一審判決或者裁定發生法律效力。
第五十九條 人民法院對上訴案件，認為事實清楚的，可以實行書面審理。
第六十條 人民法院審理上訴案件，應當在收到上訴狀之日起兩個月內作出終審判決。有特殊情況需要延長的，由高級人民法院批準，高級人民法院審理上訴案件需要延長的，由最高人民法院批準。
第六十一條 人民法院審理上訴案件，按照下列情形，分別處理：
（一）原判決認定事實清楚，適用法律、法規正確的，判決駁回上訴，維持原判；
（二）原判決認定事實清楚，但是適用法律、法規錯誤的，依法改判；
（三）原判決認定事實不清，證據不足，或者由于違反法定程序可能影響案件正確判決的，裁定撤銷原判，發回原審人民法院重審，也可以查清事實后改判。當事人對重審案件的判決、裁定，可以上訴。
第六十二條 當事人對已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，認為確有錯誤的，可以向原審人民法院或者上一級人民法院提出申訴，但判決、裁定不停止執行。
第六十三條 人民法院院長對本院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，發現違反法律、法規規定認為需要再審的，應當提交審判委員會決定是否再審。
上級人民法院對下級人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，發現違反法律、法規規定的，有權提審或者指令下級人民法院再審。
第六十四條 人民檢察院對人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，發現違反法律、法規規定的，有權按照審判監督程序提出抗訴。

第八章 執 行
第六十五條 當事人必須履行人民法院發生法律效力的判決、裁定。
公民、法人或者其他組織拒絕履行判決、裁定的，行政機關可以向第一審人民法院申請強制執行，或者依法強制執行。
行政機關拒絕履行判決、裁定的，第一審人民法院可以采取以下措施：
（一）對應當歸還的罰款或者應當給付的賠償金，通知銀行從該行政機關的帳戶內劃撥；
（二）在規定期限內不執行的，從期滿之日起，對該行政機關按日處五十元至一百元的罰款；
（三）向該行政機關的上一級行政機關或者監察、人事機關提出司法建議。接受司法建議的機關，根據有關規定進行處理，并將處理情況告知人民法院；
（四）拒不執行判決、裁定，情節嚴重構成犯罪的，依法追究主管人員和直接責任人員的刑事責任。
第六十六條 公民、法人或者其他組織對具體行政行為在法定期間不提起訴訟又不履行的，行政機關可以申請人民法院強制執行，或者依法強制執行。

第九章 侵權賠償責任
第六十七條 公民、法人或者其他組織的合法權益受到行政機關或者行政機關工作人員作出的具體行政行為侵犯造成損害的，有權請求賠償。
公民、法人或者其他組織單獨就損害賠償提出請求，應當先由行政機關解決。對行政機關的處理不服，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。
賠償訴訟可以適用調解。
第六十八條 行政機關或者行政機關工作人員作出的具體行政行為侵犯公民、法人或者其他組織的合法權益造成損害的，由該行政機關或者該行政機關工作人員所在的行政機關負責賠償。
行政機關賠償損失后，應當責令有故意或者重大過失的行政機關工作人員承擔部分或者全部賠償費用。
第六十九條 賠償費用，從各級財政列支。各級人民政府可以責令有責任的行政機關支付部分或者全部賠償費用。具體辦法由國務院規定。

第十章 涉外行政訴訟
第七十條 外國人、無國籍人、外國組織在中華人民共和國進行行政訴訟，適用本法。法律另有規定的除外。
第七十一條 外國人、無國籍人、外國組織在中華人民共和國進行行政訴訟，同中華人民共和國公民、組織有同等的訴訟權利和義務。
外國法院對中華人民共和國公民、組織的行政訴訟權利加以限制的，人民法院對該國公民、組織的行政訴訟權利，實行對等原則。
第七十二條 中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約同本法有不同規定的，適用該國際條約的規定。中華人民共和國聲明保留的條款除外。
第七十三條 外國人、無國籍人、外國組織在中華人民共和國進行行政訴訟，委托律師代理訴訟的，應當委托中華人民共和國律師機構的律師。

第十一章 附 則
第七十四條 人民法院審理行政案件，應當收取訴訟費用。訴訟費用由敗訴方承擔，雙方都有責任的由雙方分擔。收取訴訟費用的具體辦法另行規定。
第七十五條 本法自1990年10月1日起施行。

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事項)
英文本源自中華人民共和國務院法制局編譯, 中國法制出版社出版的《中華人民共和國涉外法規匯編》(1991年7月版).
當發生歧意時, 應以法律法規頒布單位發布的中文原文為準.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法規全文)
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the Second Session of the Seventh National People's
Congress on April 4, 1989, promulgated by Order No. 16 of the President of
the People's Republic of China on April 4, 1989, and effective as of
October 1, 1990)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Scope of Accepting Cases
Chapter III Jurisdiction
Chapter IV Participants in Proceedings
Chapter V Evidence
Chapter VI Bringing a Suit and Accepting a Case
Chapter VII Trial and Judgment
Chapter VIII Execution
Chapter IX Liability for Compensation for Infringement of Rights
Chapter X Administrative Procedure Involving Foreign Interest
Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
Pursuant to the Constitution, this Law is enacted for the purpose of
ensuring the correct and prompt handling of administrative cases by the
people's courts, protecting the lawful rights and interests of citizens,
legal persons and other organizations, and safeguarding and supervising
the exercise of administrative powers by administrative organs in
accordance with the law.
Article 2
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization considers that his
or its lawful rights and interests have been infringed upon by a specific
administrative act of an administrative organ or its personnel, he or it
shall have the right to bring a suit before a people's court in accordance
with this Law.
Article 3
The people's courts shall, in accordance with the law, exercise judicial
power independently with respect to administrative cases, and shall not be
subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization
or individual. The people's courts shall set up administrative divisions
for the handling of administrative cases.
Article 4
In conducting administrative proceedings, the people's courts shall base
themselves on facts and take the law as the criterion.
Article 5
In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall examine the
legality of specific administrative acts.
Article 6
In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall, as prescribed
by law, apply the systems of collegial panel, withdrawal of judicial
personnel and public trial and a system whereby the second instance is the
final instance.
Article 7
Parties to an administrative suit shall have equal legal positions.
Article 8
Citizens of all nationalities shall have the right to use their native
spoken and written languages in administrative proceedings.
In an area where people of a minority nationality live in concentrated
communities or where a number of nationalities live together, the people's
courts shall conduct adjudication and issue legal documents in the
language or languages commonly used by the local nationalities.
The people's courts shall provide interpretation for participants in
proceedings who do not understand the language or languages commonly used
by the local nationalities.
Article 9
Parties to an administrative suit shall have the right to debate.
Article 10
The people's procuratorates shall have the right to exercise legal
supervision over administrative proceedings.

Chapter II Scope of Accepting Cases
Article 11
The people's courts shall accept suits brought by citizens, legal persons
or other organizations against any of the following specific
administrative acts:
(1) an administrative sanction, such as detention, fine, rescission of a
license or permit, order to suspend production or business or confiscation
of property, which one refuses to accept;
(2) a compulsory administrative measure, such as restricting freedom of
the person or the sealing up, seizing or freezing of property, which one
refuses to accept;
(3) infringement upon one's managerial decision-making powers, which is
considered to have been perpetrated by an administrative organ;
(4) refusal by an administrative organ to issue a permit or license, which
one considers oneself legally qualified to apply for, or its failure to
respond to the application;
(5) refusal by an administrative organ to perform its statutory duty of
protecting one's rights of the person and of property, as one has applied
for, or its failure to respond to the application;
(6) cases where an administrative organ is considered to have failed to
issue a pension according to law;
(7) cases where an administrative organ is considered to have illegally
demanded the performance of duties; and
(8) cases where an administrative organ is considered to have infringed
upon other rights of the person and of property.
Apart from the provisions set forth in the preceding paragraphs, the
people's courts shall accept other administrative suits which may be
brought in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and
regulations.
Article 12
The people's courts shall not accept suits brought by citizens, legal
persons or other organizations against any of the following matters:
(1) acts of the state in areas like national defence and foreign affairs;
(2) administrative rules and regulations, regulations, or decisions and
orders with general binding force formulated and announced by
administrative organs;
(3) decisions of an administrative organ on awards or punishments for its
personnel or on the appointment or relief of duties of its personnel; and
(4) specific administrative acts that shall, as provided for by law, be
finally decided by an administrative organ.

Chapter III Jurisdiction
Article 13
The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first
instance over administrative cases.
Article 14
The intermediate people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of
first instance over the following administrative cases:
(1) cases of confirming patent rights of invention and cases handled by
the Customs;
(2) suits against specific administrative acts undertaken by departments
under the State Council or by the people's governments of provinces,
autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central
Government; and
(3) grave and complicated cases in areas under their jurisdiction.
Article 15
The higher people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first
instance over grave and complicated administrative cases in areas under
their jurisdiction.
Article 16
The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as a court of first
instance over grave and complicated administrative cases in the whole
country.
Article 17
An administrative case shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's
court in the locality of the administrative organ that initially undertook
the specific administrative act. A reconsidered case in which the organ
conducting the reconsideration has amended the original specific
administrative act may also be placed under the jurisdiction of the
people's court in the locality of the administrative organ conducting the
reconsideration.
Article 18
A suit against compulsory administrative measures restricting freedom of
the person shall be under the jurisdiction of a people's court in the
place where the defendant or the plaintiff is located.
Article 19
An administrative suit regarding a real property shall be under the
jurisdiction of the people's court in the place where the real property is
located.
Article 20
When two or more people's courts have jurisdiction over a suit, the
plaintiff may have the option to bring the suit in one of these people's
courts. If the plaintiff brings the suit in two or more people's courts
that have jurisdiction over the suit, the people's court that first
receives the bill of complaint shall have jurisdiction.
Article 21
If a people's court finds that a case it has accepted is not under its
jurisdiction, it shall transfer the case to the people's court that does
have jurisdiction over the case. The people's court to which the case has
been transferred shall not on its own initiative transfer it to another
people's court.
Article 22
If a people's court which has jurisdiction over a case is unable to
exercise its jurisdiction for special reasons, a people's court at a
higher level shall designate another court to exercise the jurisdiction.
If a dispute arises over jurisdiction between people's courts, it shall be
resolved by the parties to the dispute through consultation. If the
dispute cannot be resolved through consultation, it shall be reported to a
people's court superior to the courts in dispute for the designation of
jurisdiction.
Article 23
People's courts at higher levels shall have the authority to adjudicate
administrative cases over which people's courts at lower levels have
jurisdiction as courts of first instance; they may also transfer
administrative cases over which they themselves have jurisdiction as
courts of first instance to people's courts at lower levels for trial. If
a people's court deems it necessary for an administrative case of first
instance under its jurisdiction to be adjudicated by a people's court at a
higher level, it may report to such a people's court for decision.

Chapter IV Participants in Proceedings
Article 24
A citizen, a legal person or any other organization that brings a suit in
accordance with this Law shall be a plaintiff.
If a citizen who has the right to bring a suit is deceased, his near
relatives may bring the suit.
If a legal person or any other organization that has the right to bring a
suit terminates, the legal person or any other organization that succeeds
to its rights may bring the suit.
Article 25
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization, brings a suit
directly before a people's court, the administrative organ that undertook
the specific administrative act shall be the defendant.
For a reconsidered case, if the organ that conducted the reconsideration
sustains the original specific administrative act, the administrative
organ that initially undertook the act shall be the defendant; if the
organ that conducted the reconsideration has amended the original specific
administrative act, the administrative organ which conducted the
reconsideration shall be the defendant.
If two or more administrative organs have undertaken the same specific
administrative act, the administrative organs that have jointly undertaken
the act shall be the joint defendants.
If a specific administrative act has been undertaken by an organization
authorized to undertake the act by the law or regulations, the
organization shall be the defendant. If a specific administrative act has
been undertaken by an organization as entrusted by an administrative
organ, the entrusting organ shall be the defendant.
If an administrative organ has been abolished, the administrative organ
that carries on the exercise of functions and powers of the abolished
organ shall be the defendant.
Article 26
A joint suit shall be constituted when one party or both parties consist
of two or more persons and the administrative cases are against the same
specific administrative act or against the specific administrative acts of
the same nature and the people's court considers that the cases can be
handled together.
Article 27
If any other citizen, legal person or any other organization has interests
in a specific administrative act under litigation, he or it may, as a
third party, file a request to participate in the proceedings or may
participate in them when so notified by the people's court.
Article 28
Any citizen with no capacity to take part in litigation shall have one or
more legal representatives who will act on his behalf in a suit. If the
legal representatives try to shift their responsibilities onto each other,
the people's court may appoint one of them as the representative of the
principal in litigation.
Article 29
Each party or legal representative may entrust one or two persons to
represent him in litigation.
A lawyer, a public organization, a near relative of the citizen bringing
the suit, or a person recommended by the unit to which the citizen
bringing the suit belongs or any other citizen approved by the people's
court may be entrusted as an agent ad litem.
Article 30
A lawyer who serves as an agent ad litem may consult materials pertaining
to the case in accordance with relevant provisions, and may also
investigate among and collect evidence from the organizations and citizens
concerned. If the information involves state secrets or the private
affairs of individuals, he shall keep it confidential in accordance with
relevant provisions of the law.
With the approval of the people's court, parties and other agents ad litem
may consult the materials relating to the court proceedings of the case,
except those that involve state secrets or the private affairs of
individuals.

Chapter V Evidence
Article 31
Evidence shall be classified as follows:
(1) documentary evidence;
(2) material evidence;
(3) audio-visual material;
(4) testimony of witnesses;
(5) statements of the parties;
(6) expert conclusions; and
(7) records of inquests and records made on the scene.
Any of the above-mentioned evidence must be verified by the court before
it can be taken as a basis for ascertaining a fact.
Article 32
The defendant shall have the burden of proof for the specific
administrative act he has undertaken and shall provide the evidence and
regulatory documents in accordance with which the act has been undertaken.
Article 33
In the course of legal proceedings, the defendant shall not by himself
collect evidence from the plaintiff and witnesses.
Article 34
A people's court shall have the authority to request the parties to
provide or supplement evidence.
A people's court shall have the authority to obtain evidence from the
relevant administrative organs, other organizations or citizens.
Article 35
In the course of legal proceedings, when a people's court considers that
an expert evaluation for a specialized problem is necessary, the expert
evaluation shall be made by an expert evaluation department as specified
by law. In the absence of such a department, the people's court shall
designate one to conduct the expert evaluation.
Article 36
Under circumstances where there is a likelihood that evidence may be
destroyed or lost or difficult to obtain later on, the participants in
proceedings may apply to the people's court for the evidence to be
preserved. The people's court may also on its own initiative take measures
to preserve such evidence.

Chapter VI Bringing a Suit and Accepting a Case
Article 37
A citizen, a legal person or any other organization may, within the scope
of cases acceptable to the people's courts, apply to an administrative
organ at the next higher level or to an administrative organ as prescribed
by the law or regulations for reconsideration, anyone who refuses to
accept the reconsideration decision may bring a suit before a people's
court; a citizen, a legal person or any other organization may also bring
a suit directly before a people's court.
In circumstances where, in accordance with relevant provisions of laws or
regulations, a citizen, a legal person or any other organization shall
first apply to an administrative organ for reconsideration and then bring
a suit before a people's court, if he or it refuses to accept the
reconsideration decision, the provisions of the laws or regulations shall
apply.
Article 38
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization applies to an
administrative organ for reconsideration, the organ shall make a decision
within two months from the day of the receipt of the application, except
as otherwise provided for by law or regulations. Anyone who refuses to
accept the reconsideration decision may bring a suit before a people's
court within 15 days from the day of the receipt of the reconsideration
decision. If the administrative organ conducting the reconsideration fails
to make a decision on the expiration of the time limit, the applicant may
bring a suit before a people's court within 15 days after the time limit
for reconsideration expires, except as otherwise provided for by law.
Article 39
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization brings a suit
directly before a people's court, he or it shall do so within three months
from the day when he or it knows that a specific administrative act has
been undertaken, except as otherwise provided for by law.
Article 40
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization fails to observe
the time limit prescribed by law due to force majeure or other special
reasons, he or it may apply for an extent of the time limit within ten
days after the obstacle is removed; the requested extent shall be decided
by a people's court.
Article 41
The following requirements shall be met when a suit is brought:
(1) the plaintiff must be a citizen, a legal person or any other
organization that considers a specific administrative act to have
infringed upon his or its lawful rights and interests;
(2) there must be a specific defendant or defendants;
(3) there must be a specific claim and a corresponding factual basis for
the suit; and (4) the suit must fall within the scope of cases acceptable
to the people's courts and the specific jurisdiction of the people's court
where it is filed.
Article 42
When a people's court receives a bill of complaint, it shall, upon
examination, file a case within seven days or decide to reject the
complaint. If the plaintiff refuses to accept the decision, he may appeal
to a people's court.

Chapter VII Trial and Judgment
Article 43
A people's court shall send a copy of the bill of complaint to the
defendant within five days of filing the case. The defendant shall provide
the people's court with the documents on the basis of which a specific
administrative act has been undertaken and file a bill of defence within
ten days of receiving the copy of the bill of complaint. The people's
court shall send a copy of the bill of defence to the plaintiff within
five days of receiving it. Failure by the defendant to file a bill of
defence shall not prevent the case from being tried by the people's court.
Article 44
During the time of legal proceedings, execution of the specific
administrative act shall not be suspended. Execution of the specific
administrative act shall be suspended under one of the following
circumstances:
(1) where suspension is deemed necessary by the defendant;
(2) where suspension of execution is ordered by the people's court at the
request of the plaintiff because, in the view of the people's court,
execution of the specific administrative act will cause irremediable
losses and suspension of the execution will not harm public interests; or
(3) where suspension of execution is required by the provisions of laws or
regulations.
Article 45
Administrative cases in the people's courts shall be tried in public,
except for those that involve state secrets or the private affairs of
individuals or are otherwise provided for by law.
Article 46
Administrative cases in the people's courts shall be tried by a collegial
panel of judges or of judges and assessors. The number of members of a
collegial panel shall be an odd number of three or more.
Article 47
If a party considers a member of the judicial personnel to have an
interest in the case or to be otherwise related to it, which may affect
the impartial handling of the case, the party shall have the right to
demand his withdrawal.
If a member of the judicial personnel considers himself to have an
interest in the case or to be otherwise related to it, he shall apply for
withdrawal.
The provisions of the two preceding paragraphs shall apply to court
clerks, interpreters, expert witnesses and persons who conduct inquests.
The withdrawal of the president of the court as the chief judge shall be
decided by the court's adjudication committee; the withdrawal of a member
of the judicial personnel shall be decided by the president of the court;
the withdrawal of other personnel shall be decided by the chief judge.
Parties who refuse to accept the decision may apply for reconsideration.
Article 48
If the plaintiff refuses to appear in court without justified reasons
after being twice legally summoned by the people's court, the court shall
consider this an application for the withdrawal of the suit; if the
defendant refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, the court
may make a judgment by default.
Article 49
If a participant in the proceedings or any other person commits any of the
following acts, the people's court may, according to the seriousness of
his offence, reprimand him, order him to sign a statement of repentance or
impose upon him a fine of not more than 1,000 yuan or detain him for not
longer than 15 days; if a crime is constituted, his criminal
responsibility shall be investigated:
(1) evading without reason, refusing to assist in or obstructing the
execution of the notice of a people's court for assistance in its
execution by a person who has the duty to render assistance;
(2) forging, concealing or destroying evidence;
(3) instigating, suborning or threatening others to commit perjury or
hindering witnesses from giving testimony;
(4) concealing, transferring, selling or destroying the property that has
been sealed up, seized or frozen;
(5) using violence, threats or other means to hinder the personnel of a
people's court from performing their duties or disturbing the order of the
work of a people's court; or (6) insulting, slandering, framing, beating
or retaliating against the personnel of a people's court, participants in
proceedings or personnel who assist in the execution of duties; A fine or
detention must be approved by the president of a people's court. Parties
who refuse to accept the punishment decision may apply for
reconsideration.
Article 50
A people's court shall not apply conciliation in handling an
administrative case.
Article 51
Before a people's court announces its judgment or order on an
administrative case, if the plaintiff applies for the withdrawal of the
suit, or if the defendant amends its specific administrative act and, as a
result, the plaintiff agrees and applies for the withdrawal of the suit,
the people's court shall decide whether or not to grant the approval.
Article 52
In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall take the law,
administrative rules and regulations and local regulations as the
criteria. Local regulations shall be applicable to administrative cases
within the corresponding administrative areas. In handling administrative
cases of a national autonomous area, the people's courts shall also take
the regulations on autonomy and separate regulations of the national
autonomous area as the criteria.
Article 53
In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall take, as
references, regulations formulated and announced by ministries or
commissions under the State Council in accordance with the law and
administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State
Council and regulations formulated and announced, in accordance with the
law and administrative rules and regulations of the State Council, by the
people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government, of the cities where the people's
governments of provinces and autonomous regions are located, and of the
larger cities approved as such by the State Council.
If a people's court considers regulations formulated and announced by a
local people's government to be inconsistent with regulations formulated
and announced by a ministry or commission under the State Council, or if
it considers regulations formulated and announced by ministries or
commissions under the State Council to be inconsistent with each other,
the Supreme People's Court shall refer the matter to the State Council for
interpretation or ruling.
Article 54
After hearing a case, a people's court shall make the following judgments
according to the varying conditions:
(1) If the evidence for undertaking a specific administrative act is
conclusive, the application of the law and regulations to the act is
correct, and the legal procedure is complied with, the specific
administrative act shall be sustained by judgment.
(2) If a specific administrative act has been undertaken in one of the
following circumstances, the act shall be annulled or partially annulled
by judgment, or the defendant may be required by judgment to undertake a
specific administrative act anew:
a. inadequacy of essential evidence;
b. erroneous application of the law or regulations;
c. violation of legal procedure;
d. exceeding authority; or
e. abuse of powers.
(3) If a defendant fails to perform or delays the performance of his
statutory duty, a fixed time shall be set by judgment for his performance
of the duty.
(4) If an administrative sanction is obviously unfair, it may be amended
by judgment.
Article 55
A defendant who has been judged by a people's court to undertake a
specific administrative act anew must not, based on the same fact and
reason, undertake a specific administrative act essentially identical with
the original act.
Article 56
In handling administrative cases, if a people's court considers the head
of an administrative organ or the person directly in charge to have
violated administrative discipline, it shall transfer the relevant
materials to the administrative organ or the administrative organ at the
next higher level or to a supervisory or personnel department; if a
people's court considers the person to have committed a crime, it shall
transfer the relevant materials to the public security and procuratorial
organs.
Article 57
A people's court shall pass a judgment of first instance within three
months from the day of filing the case. Extent of the time limit
necessitated by special circumstances shall be approved by a higher
people's court, extent of the time limit for handling a case of first
instance by a higher people's court, extent of the time limit for handling
a case of first instance by a higher people's court shall be approved by
the Supreme People's Court.
Article 58
If a party refuses to accept a judgment of first instance by a people's
court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with the people's court
at the next higher level within 15 days of the serving of the written
judgment. If a party refuses to accept an order of first instance by a
people's court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with the
people's court at the next higher level within 10 days of the serving of
the written order. All judgments and orders of first instance by a
people's court that have not been appealed within the prescribed time
limit shall be legally effective.
Article 59
A people's court may handle an appealed case by examining the court
records, if it considers the facts clearly ascertained.
Article 60
In handling an appealed case, a people's court shall make a final judgment
within two months from the day of receiving the appeal. Extent of the time
limit necessitated by special circumstances shall be approved by a higher
people's court, extent of the time limit for handling an appealed case by
a higher people's court shall be approved by the Supreme People's Court.
Article 61
A people's court shall handle an appealed case respectively according to
the conditions set forth below:
(1) if the facts are clearly ascertained and the law and regulations are
correctly applied in the original judgment, the appeal shall be rejected
and the original judgment sustained;
(2) if the facts are clearly ascertained but the law and regulations are
incorrectly applied in the original judgment, the judgment shall be
amended according to the law and regulations; or
(3) if the facts are not clearly ascertained in the original judgment or
the evidence is insufficient, or a violation of the prescribed procedure
may have affected the correctness of the original judgment, the original
judgment shall be rescinded and the case remanded to the original people's
court for retrial, or the people's court of the second instance may amend
the judgment after investigating and clarifying the facts. The parties may
appeal against the judgment or order rendered in a retrial of their case.
Article 62
If a party considers that a legally effective judgment or order contains
some definite error, he may make complaints to the people's court which
tried the case or to a people's court at a higher level, but the execution
of the judgment or order shall not be suspended.
Article 63
If the president of a people's court finds a violation of provisions of
the law or regulations in a legally effective judgment or order of his
court and deems it necessary to have the case retried, he shall refer the
matter to the adjudication committee, which shall decide whether a retrial
is necessary.
If a people's court at a higher level finds a violation of provisions of
the law or regulations in a legally effective judgment or order of a
people's court at a lower level, it shall have the power to bring the case
up for trial itself or direct the people's court at the lower level to
conduct a retrial.
Article 64
If the people's procuratorate finds a violation of provisions of the law
or regulations in a legally effective judgement or order of a people's
court, it shall have the right to lodge a protest in accordance with
procedures of judicial supervision.

Chapter VII Execution
Article 65
The parties must perform the legally effective judgment or order of the
people's court. If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization
refuses to perform the judgment or order, the administrative organ may
apply to a people's court of first instance for compulsory execution or
proceed with compulsory execution according to law. If an administrative
organ refuses to perform the judgment or order, the people's court of
first instance may adopt the following measures:
(1) informing the bank to transfer from the administrative organ's account
the amount of the fine that should be returned or the damages that should
be paid;
(2) imposing a fine of 50 to 100 yuan per day on an administrative organ
that fails to perform the judgment or order within the prescribed time
limit, counting from the day when the time limit expires;
(3) putting forward a judicial proposal to the administrative organ
superior to the administrative organ in question or to a supervisory or
personnel department; the organ or department that accepts the judicial
proposal shall deal with the matter in accordance with the relevant
provisions and inform the people's court of its disposition; and
(4) if an administrative organ refuses to execute a judgment or order, and
the circumstances are so serious that a crime is constituted, the head of
the administrative organ and the person directly in charge shall be
investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.
Article 66
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization, during the period
prescribed by law, neither brings a suit nor carries out the specific
administrative act, the administrative organ may apply to a people's court
for compulsory execution, or proceed with compulsory execution according
to law.

Chapter IX Liability for Compensation for Infringement of Rights
Article 67
A citizen, a legal person or any other organization who suffers damage
because of the infringement upon his or its lawful rights and interests by
a specific administrative act of an administrative organ or the personnel
of an administrative organ, shall have the right to claim compensation.
If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization makes an
independent claim for damages, the case shall first be dealt with by an
administrative organ. Anyone who refuses to accept the disposition by the
administrative organ may file a suit in a people's court. Conciliation may
be applied in handling a suit for damages.
Article 68
If a specific administrative act undertaken by an administrative organ or
the personnel of an administrative organ infringes upon the lawful rights
and interests of a citizen, a legal person or any other organization and
causes damage, the administrative organ or the administrative organ to
which the above-mentioned personnel belongs shall be liable for
compensation.
After paying the compensation, the administrative organ shall instruct
those members of its personnel who have committed intentional or gross
mistakes in the case to bear part or all of the damages.
Article 69
The cost of compensation shall be included as an expenditure in the
government budget at various levels. The people's governments at various
levels may order the administrative organs responsible for causing the
compensation to bear part or all of the damages. The specific measures
thereof shall be formulated by the State Council.

Chapter X Administrative Procedure Involving Foreign Interests
Article 70
This Law shall be applicable to foreign nationals, stateless persons and
foreign organizations that are engaged in administrative suits in the
People's Republic of China, except as otherwise provided for by law.
Article 71
Foreign nationals, stateless persons and foreign organizations that are
engaged in administrative suits in the People's Republic of China shall
have the same litigation rights and obligations as citizens and
organizations of the People's Republic of China. Should the courts of a
foreign country impose restrictions on the administrative litigation
rights of the citizens and organizations of the People's Republic of
China, the Chinese people's courts shall follow the principle of
reciprocity regarding the administrative litigation rights of the citizens
and organizations of that foreign country.
Article 72
If an international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's
Republic of China contains provisions different from those found in this
Law, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, unless the
provisions are ones on which the People's Republic of China has announced
reservations.
Article 73
When foreign nationals, stateless persons and foreign organizations
appoint lawyers as their agents ad litem in administrative suits in the
People's Republic of China, they shall appoint lawyers of a lawyers'
organization of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions
Article 74
A people's court shall charge litigation fees for handling administrative
cases. The litigation fee shall be borne by the losing party, or by both
parties if they are both held responsible. The procedure for the charging
of litigation fees shall be specified separately.
Article 75
This Law shall come into force as of October 1, 1990.